Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David C. Rosensweig Center for Genomics Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Abstract
Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen are present in the sera and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients and potentially contribute to synovitis. However, fibrinogen can inhibit the osteoclastogenesis of precursor cells. We investigated the direct effect of citrullinated fibrinogen on osteoclastogenesis to understand the role of citrullination on bone erosion of rheumatoid arthritis patients. We evaluated the fibrinogen citrullination sites using mass spectrometry and quantified osteoclast-related protein and gene expression levels by Western blotting, microarray, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Differences in spectral peaks were noted between fibrinogen and citrullinated fibrinogen at five sites in α-chains, two sites in β-chains, and one site in a γ-chain. Transcriptome changes induced by fibrinogen and citrullinated fibrinogen were identified and differentially expressed genes grouped into three distinctive modules. Fibrinogen was then citrullinated in vitro using peptidylarginine deiminase. When increasing doses of soluble fibrinogen and citrullinated fibrinogen were applied to human CD14+ monocytes, citrullination restored osteoclastogenesis-associated changes, including NF-ATc1 and ß3-integrin. Finally, citrullination rescued the number of osteoclasts by restoring fibrinogen-induced suppression of osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, the results indicate that the inhibitory function of fibrinogen on osteoclastogenesis is reversed by citrullination and suggest that citrullinated fibrinogen may contribute to erosive bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Figure 1Citrullination of fibrinogen at α, β, and γ chains in the presence of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD). (A) Level of citrullinated fibrinogen in synovial fluid (SF) from two osteoarthritis (OA SF1, OA SF2) and two rheumatoid arthritis (RA SF1, RA SF2) patients was detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) with anti-fibrinogen antibody and Western blot (WB) using anti-modified citrulline antibody. Coomassie, corresponding to each WB, of total protein in synovial fluid. Arrows indicate corresponding bands for α, β, and γ chains of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen from RA SF was more citrullinated than OA SF. (B,C) Spots for the α, β, and γ chains shifted in two-dimensional mapping of fibrinogen in the absence (B, upper row) or presence (C, upper row) of PAD2 (PAD). Shifts due to citrullination were confirmed by WB using anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibody (lower rows of B and C). Arrows indicate corresponding spots between two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and WB at a designated pH. (D) Citrullination sites (five in α, two in β, and one in γ chains) were detected by mass spectrometry via modification with phenylglyoxal monohydrate (PGM). Top panel = bovine fibrinogen (Fib.), Middle panel = Fib. + PAD, Bottom panel = Fib. + PAD + PGM.Figure 2Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CD14+ sorted monocytes from two peripheral blood donors in the presence of fibrinogen or citrullinated fibrinogen. (A) Heatmap of DEGs. Veh = vehicle, Fib = bovine fibrinogen, Cit-Fib = bovine fibrinogen citrullinated by PAD2. Six different clusters of DEGs were presented by K-means clustering analysis. Yellow boxes indicate the clusters associated with restoration of fibrinogen-induced change by citrullination. (B) Fibrinogen-regulated genes perturbed by citrullination correspond to DEGs in the yellow box in (A). UP = upregulated genes, NC = no change in expression, DN = downregulated genes. (C) Gene set enrichment analysis of the module 1, 2, or 3 using the human TRRUST transcription factor database. Dashed line = p-value 0.05. (D) Gene set enrichment analysis of the module 1, 2, or 3 using osteoclast-specific gene set originated from ref. 21. NES = normalized enrichment score, FDR-q = q-value of false discovery rate.Figure 3Gene and protein expression in osteoclasts in the presence of PAD. (A) Real-time PCR of cells cultured in the absence or presence of PAD2 or PAD4 at a dose of 1.0 μg/mL (n = 8). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ns—not significant. Individual values are plotted, and error bars represent SD. (B) Western blot of NF-ATc1, β3-integrin, and GAPDH. M-CSF and RANKL were supplemented in the control group.Figure 4Reversion of dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in the presence of PAD. (A) Left: monocytes were cultured in the absence or presence of PAD2 (PAD) and stained for TRAP on day 6 (n = 6). M-CSF (20 ng/mL) and RANKL (40 ng/mL) were replenished every 3 days. M-CSF and RANKL were supplemented in the control group. Fib = bovine fibrinogen. Scale bar 200 μm. Right: number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the absence or presence of PAD. * p < 0.05. Individual values are plotted, and error bars represent SD. (B) Left: bone resorption activity in the presence of fibrinogen or citrullinated fibrinogen for 6 days. Fib = human fibrinogen, Cit-Fib = citrullinated human fibrinogen. Scale bar 100 μm. Right: area of resorption pits (%). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. (C) Number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts according to fibrinogen dose. * p < 0.05. Individual values are plotted. (D) Western blot using an antibody against citrullinated fibrinogen and protein from reaction mixtures containing PAD with human fibrinogen or bovine fibrinogen incubated at 37 °C for 2 h.
