It is unclear whether the two once-daily dosing non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), edoxaban and rivaroxaban, have similar effectiveness and safety in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of edoxaban and rivaroxaban in a Korean population with non-valvular AF. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from January 2014 to December 2016, we compared the risk of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), hospitalization for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, hospitalization for major bleeding, all-cause death, and composite outcome in a 3:1 propensity score matched cohort in patients with AF who were naïve to rivaroxaban (n = 12,369) and edoxaban (n = 4,123). Hazard ratios for the six clinical outcomes were analyzed using Cox regression analysis with rivaroxaban as the reference. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two groups (median age, 71 years; median CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, 3; 56% of patients received a reduced dose). Edoxaban users showed comparable results in all six clinical outcomes (all p = nonsignificant) when compared to rivaroxaban users for total, standard, and reduced doses. We provide for the first time the comparison of effectiveness and safety between the two once-daily NOACs in a large-scale Asian AF population. In both standard and reduced dose regimens, edoxaban showed comparable effectiveness and safety compared to rivaroxaban.